ACT UP

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ACT UP

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, ACT UP became the standard-bearer for protest against governmental and societal indifference to the AIDS epidemic. Like other grassroots organizations, ACT UP has been influenced by the civil rights movement to the extent that it, too, has used boycotts, marches, demonstrations, and nonviolent civil disobedience to attract media coverage of its direct action. ACT UP was founded in March 1987 by playwright and AIDS activist Larry Kramer. In a speech at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center of New York, Kramer challenged the gay and lesbian movement to organize, mobilize, and demand an effective AIDS policy response. He informed the audience of gay men that two-thirds of them might be dead within five years. To Kramer, the mass media were the central vehicle for conveying the message that the government had hardly begun to address the AIDS crisis. This event essentially signaled the birth of ACT UP. By early 1988, active chapters had appeared in various cities throughout the country, including Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco. At the beginning of 1990, ACT UP had spread throughout the United States and around the globe, with more than 100 chapters worldwide. ACT UP's original goal was to demand the release of experimental AIDS drugs. In doing so, it identified itself as a diverse, nonpartisan group, united in anger and commitment to direct action to end the AIDS crisis. This central goal is stated at the start of every ACT UP meeting. ACT UP's commitment to direct activism emerged as a response to the more conservative elements of the mainstream gay and lesbian movement. Underlying ACT UP's political strategy is a commitment to radical democracy. No one member or group of members had the right to speak for ACT UP; this was a right reserved for all members. There were no elected leaders, no appointed spokespeople, and no formal structure to the organization. Throughout its existence, ACT UP has made an effort to recruit women and minorities into the organization. Women in ACT UP organized a series of national actions aimed at forcing the U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to change its definition of AIDS to include those illnesses contracted by HIV-positive women. Over the years, ACT UP has broadened its original purpose to embrace a number of specific and practical goals. It has demanded that the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA release AIDS drugs in a timely manner by shortening the drug approval process and has insisted that private health insurance as well as Medicaid be forced to pay for experimental drug therapies. Ten years into the AIDS crisis, ACT UP questioned why only one drug, the highly toxic azidothymidine , had been approved for treatment. The organization demanded answers from policy elites. ACT UP also demanded the creation and implementation of a federal needle-exchange program, called for a federally controlled and funded program of condom distribution at the local level, and asked for a serious sex education program in primary and secondary schools to be created and monitored by the federal Department of Education. Since its creation in 1987, ACT UP has also publicized the prices charged and profits garnered by pharmaceutical companies for AIDS treatment drugs. Class and political economy concerns are not central to ACT UP's ideology, however, but are raised only to the extent that they inform the larger public of the specific ways in which the group believes that pharmaceutical companies pursue profits at the expense of lives. Thousands of people joined ACT UP chapters in response to what they perceived to be an outrageous lack of governmental support for addressing AIDS. Many were motivated by anger but also shared Kramer's belief that direct political action on behalf of their lives should be a key element of any organizing strategy. The media were a central target of the group, led by ACT UP members with experience in dealing with the media through professional backgrounds in public relations and reporting. In doing so, ACT UP secured media attention from the start and, as a result, communicated greater awareness of AIDS issues to both the gay and lesbian community and the larger society. The media covered ACT UP's first demonstration, held on Wall Street in New York on March 24, 1987. The goal of this demonstration was to heighten awareness of the FDA's inability to overcome its own bureaucracy and release experimental AIDS drugs in a timely fashion. This demonstration became a model for future ACT UP activities. It was carefully orchestrated and choreographed to attract media attention and to convey a practical political message. Over the years, other ACT UP demonstrations received considerable media coverage. A 1987 protest at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital called for an increase in the number of anti-HIV drugs. A demonstration targeted Northwest Airlines, also in 1987, for refusing to seat a man with AIDS, and the editorial offices of Cosmopolitan magazine were invaded in 1988 as protesters challenged an article which claimed that almost no women were likely to contract HIV or develop AIDS. In 1988, more than 1,000 ACT UP protesters surrounded the FDA's Maryland building. In 1989, ACT UP activists demonstrated at the U. Civil Rights Commission's AIDS hearings to protest its ineptitude in responding to AIDS. Patrick's Cathedral to protest his opposition to condom distribution. This and other actions exacerbated an already existing tension within the gay and lesbian movement, between those who favored more traditional lobbying activities and those who embraced the radical direct action associated with ACT UP. Many ACT UP activists became increasingly intolerant of those who worried that direct action alienated important policy elites. In addition, ACT UP came under renewed criticism from within for the chaotic, unwieldy, and often unfocused nature of its weekly meetings. By 1992, there were also divisions within ACT UP over what should be appropriate political strategy. Since ACT UP's creation in 1987, AIDS activists had directed their anger toward perceived enemies, including the U. Congress and president, federal agencies, drug companies, the media, religious organizations, and homophobic politicians in positions of power at all levels of society. The divisions within ACT UP undermined organizational and movement solidarity. These divisions helped spawn other organizations, whose membership was largely composed of individuals who had previous connections to ACT UP. Unlike ACT UP, which was characterized by a democratic organizational structure, TAG accepted members by invitation only, and membership could be revoked by the board. TAG used this money to finance member travels to AIDS conferences throughout the world, to pay members' salaries, to hire professional lobbyists, and to lobby government officials. TAG's central goal has been to force the government to release promising AIDS drugs more quickly and to identify possible treatments for. It has done so by lobbying for larger and improved designs for clinical trials of and other anti-HIV drugs. In addition, it has called for a more coordinated AIDS research effort at the National Institutes of Health through a stronger Office of AIDS Research. TAG has been quite effective in lobbying government officials to address its organizational goals in a timely manner. However, there has also been considerable criticism of TAG by some ACT UP members and other activists. Because the organization is perceived by some as small, elitist, and undemocratic, it has been attacked for not fully representing the interests of the larger AIDS activist movement. These criticisms are unfortunate to the extent that they fail to recognize TAG's important policy contributions in forcing government officials to support more aggressive AIDS research. From its inception, ACT UP has had a considerable impact on AIDS-related public policy. Under this proposal, people with AIDS are given drugs before they are approved by the time-consuming and bureaucracy-ridden FDA approval process. ACT UP's protests also led Burroughs Wellcome to dramatically reduce the price of AZT. Other pharmaceutical companies have been shamed into cutting the prices of drugs that have demonstrated effectiveness in helping people with AIDS. In addition, ACT UP forced the redefinition of AIDS to include women and to ensure that women with AIDS received disability benefits and were included in drug trials. ACT UP members have established needle-exchange programs, which are now widely accepted as having contributed to a decrease in the rate of HIV infection among both injecting drug users and their sexual partners. By 1996, plagued with internal division over tactics and its relationship to the larger AIDS and gay and lesbian movements and depleted by the deaths of many members, ACT UP still existed but was widely considered moribund. Nonetheless, the organization's use of direct-action politics was an example of the effectiveness of unconventional politics in the face of the unresponsiveness of policy elites. ACT UP's radicalism has also allowed the more mainstream gay and lesbian organizations to seem much more moderate as they interact with the American policy process on AIDS-related issues. In this and in other ways, ACT UP has made an invaluable contribution to saving people's lives in the face of governmental and societal indifference. Martin's, 1994 Vaid, Urvashi, Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation, New York: Anchor, 1995 The Encyclopedia of AIDS: A Social, Political, Cultural, and Scientific Record of the HIV Epidemic, , Editor. Copyright © 1998, Raymond A. Carried by permission of Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. The Body and its logos are trademarks of Remedy Health Media, LLC, and its subsidiaries, which owns the copyright of The Body's homepage, topic pages, page designs and HTML code. General Disclaimer: The Body is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through The Body should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem, consult your health care provider.

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